Create Mesh class to load texture coordinates and per vertex normal.

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ PROJECT(renderer)
 aux_source_directory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} CPP_FILES)
 
 add_executable(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} ${CPP_FILES})
-target_include_directories(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+target_include_directories(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} LINK_PUBLIC OBJ_Loader spdlog imgui eigen ${OpenCV_LIBS})

src/common.h

@@ -11,5 +11,13 @@ using Vector3d = Eigen::Vector3d;
 using Point2d = Eigen::Vector2d;
 using Point3d = Eigen::Vector3d;
 using BBox = cv::Rect2i;
-using PixelProperty = Eigen::Vector4d;
 using TransformMatrix = Eigen::Matrix<double, 4, 4>;
+
+typedef struct Vertex {
+  Vertex(const Point3d &p, const Vector3d &n, const Point2d &tex_coor)
+      : position(p), normal(n), texture_coordinate(tex_coor) {}
+
+  Point3d position;
+  Vector3d normal;
+  Point2d texture_coordinate;
+} Vertex;

src/main.cc

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
   // Setup Dear ImGui style
   ImGui::StyleColorsDark();
 
-  // Setup Platform/Renderer backends
+  // Setup Platform backends
   ImGui_ImplSDL2_InitForOpenGL(window, gl_context);
   ImGui_ImplOpenGL3_Init(glsl_version);
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   Camera camera{Vector3d{0, 1, 0}};
   MinusRenderer renderer{near, far, fov, aspect_ratio};
-  assert(renderer.load_mesh(obj_path));
+  renderer.load_mesh(obj_path);
   TransformMatrix translate{
       {1., 0., 0., 3.}, {0., 1., 0., 3.}, {0., 0., 1., -4.}, {0., 0., 0., 1.}};
   renderer.model_transform(translate);

src/material.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Bytedance Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+// Author: tianlei.richard@qq.com (tianlei.richard)

src/material.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Bytedance Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+// Author: tianlei.richard@qq.com (tianlei.richard)
+
+#pragma once

src/mesh.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Bytedance Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+// Author: tianlei.richard@qq.com (tianlei.richard)
+
+#include "mesh.h"
+
+#include "OBJ_Loader.h"
+#include "spdlog/spdlog.h"
+
+#define OBJL_VEC2_TO_EIGEN_VECTOR(objl_v)                                      \
+  Eigen::Vector2d { objl_v.X, objl_v.Y }
+#define OBJL_VEC3_TO_EIGEN_VECTOR(objl_v)                                      \
+  Eigen::Vector3d { objl_v.X, objl_v.Y, objl_v.Z }
+
+Mesh::Mesh(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> &vertices,
+           const std::vector<Triangle> &primitives)
+    : vertices_(vertices), primitives_(primitives) {}
+
+Point2d Mesh::get_texture_coordinate(const unsigned int index) const {
+  return (vertices_[index])->texture_coordinate;
+}
+
+Point3d Mesh::get_normal_vector(const unsigned int index) const {
+  return (vertices_[index])->normal;
+}
+
+std::vector<Mesh> Mesh::load_mesh(const std::string &file_path) {
+  objl::Loader loader{};
+  assert(loader.LoadFile(file_path.c_str()));
+
+  std::vector<Mesh> res;
+  for (const auto &mesh : loader.LoadedMeshes) {
+    spdlog::info("Current mesh has {} vertices.", mesh.Vertices.size());
+
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> vertices;
+    for (int i = 0; i < mesh.Vertices.size(); i++) {
+      vertices.push_back(std::make_shared<Vertex>(
+          OBJL_VEC3_TO_EIGEN_VECTOR(mesh.Vertices[i].Position),
+          OBJL_VEC3_TO_EIGEN_VECTOR(mesh.Vertices[i].Normal),
+          OBJL_VEC2_TO_EIGEN_VECTOR(mesh.Vertices[i].TextureCoordinate)));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<Triangle> primitives;
+    for (int i = 0; i < mesh.Indices.size(); i += 3) {
+      primitives.push_back(Triangle(vertices, mesh.Indices[i],
+                                    mesh.Indices[i + 1], mesh.Indices[i + 2]));
+    }
+
+    res.push_back(Mesh(vertices, primitives));
+  }
+  return res;
+}

src/mesh.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Bytedance Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+// Author: tianlei.richard@qq.com (tianlei.richard)
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "triangle.h"
+
+class Mesh {
+public:
+  Mesh(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> &vertices,
+       const std::vector<Triangle> &primitives);
+
+  static std::vector<Mesh> load_mesh(const std::string &file_path);
+
+public:
+  Point2d get_texture_coordinate(const unsigned int index) const;
+  Point3d get_normal_vector(const unsigned int index) const;
+  std::vector<Triangle> &get_primitives() { return primitives_; };
+
+private:
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> vertices_;
+  std::vector<Triangle> primitives_;
+};

src/minus_renderer.cc

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 
-#include "OBJ_Loader.h"
 #include "spdlog/spdlog.h"
 
 #include "minus_renderer.h"
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@
 MinusRenderer::MinusRenderer(float near, float far, float fov,
                              float aspect_ratio)
     : near_(near), far_(far), fov_(fov), aspect_ratio_(aspect_ratio),
-      projection_matrix_(orthographic_tranform() * squish_tranform()) {
+      projection_matrix_(orthographic_transform() * squish_transform()) {
   spdlog::info("near: {}, far: {}, fov: {}, aspect ratio: {}", near_, far_,
                fov_, aspect_ratio_);
 }
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ float MinusRenderer::calculate_width(const float height, const float ratio) {
   return height * ratio;
 }
 
-TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::squish_tranform() {
+TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::squish_transform() {
   // Frustum to Cuboid
   return TransformMatrix{{near_, 0, 0, 0},
                          {0, near_, 0, 0},
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::squish_tranform() {
                          {0, 0, 1, 0}};
 }
 
-TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::orthographic_tranform() {
+TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::orthographic_transform() {
   const float height = calculate_height(fov_, near_);
   const float width = calculate_width(height, aspect_ratio_);
   const float right = width * 0.5;
@@ -63,18 +62,34 @@ TransformMatrix MinusRenderer::view_port_transform(const float width,
                          {0, 0, 0, 1}};
 }
 
+Point3d MinusRenderer::calculate_barycentric_coordinate(const Triangle &t,
+                                                        const Point2d &p) {
+  const auto &points = t.get_vertex_position();
+  const auto &A = (points[0]).head(2);
+  const auto &B = (points[1]).head(2);
+  const auto &C = (points[2]).head(2);
+  double alpha =
+      ((p.x() - B.x()) * (C.y() - B.y()) + (p.y() - B.y()) * (C.x() - B.x())) /
+      (-(A.x() - B.x()) * (C.y() - B.y()) + (A.y() - B.y()) * (C.x() - B.x()));
+  double beta =
+      (-(p.x() - C.x()) * (A.y() - C.y()) + (p.y() - C.y()) * (A.x() - C.x())) /
+      (-(B.x() - C.x()) * (A.y() - C.y()) + (B.y() - C.y()) * (A.x() - C.x()));
+  double gamma = 1. - alpha - beta;
+  return Point3d{alpha, beta, gamma};
+}
+
 void MinusRenderer::model_transform(const TransformMatrix &mtx) {
   for (auto &m : meshes_) {
-    for (auto &p : m) {
+    for (auto &t : m.get_primitives()) {
-      p.affine_transform(mtx);
+      t.set_points(apply_transform(mtx, t.get_vertex_position()));
     }
   }
 }
 
 void MinusRenderer::view_transform(const TransformMatrix &mtx) {
   for (auto &m : meshes_) {
-    for (auto &p : m) {
+    for (auto &t : m.get_primitives()) {
-      p.affine_transform(mtx);
+      t.set_points(apply_transform(mtx, t.get_vertex_position()));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -83,64 +98,51 @@ cv::Mat MinusRenderer::render(const int resolution_width,
                               const int resolution_height) {
   std::vector<Mesh> meshes = meshes_;
   Rasterizer rasterizer{resolution_width, resolution_height};
-  for (auto &primitives : meshes) {
+  for (auto &m : meshes) {
+    auto &primitives = m.get_primitives();
     for (int i = 0; i < primitives.size(); ++i) {
       auto &t = primitives[i];
-      t.projective_transform(projection_matrix_);
+      const auto &triangle_vertices = t.get_vertex_position();
-      t.affine_transform(
+      auto tmp = apply_transform(projection_matrix_, triangle_vertices);
-          view_port_transform(resolution_width, resolution_height));
+
+      const auto &triangle_indices = t.get_vertex_index();
+      std::vector<Point3d> triangle_uv;
+      for (int j = 0; j < triangle_indices.size(); ++j) {
+        const auto &uv = m.get_texture_coordinate(triangle_indices[j]);
+        triangle_uv.push_back(Point3d{uv.x(), uv.y(), 1});
+      }
+      apply_transform(projection_matrix_, triangle_uv);
+
+      t.set_points(apply_transform(
+          view_port_transform(resolution_width, resolution_height), tmp));
     }
     rasterizer.rasterize(primitives);
   }
-  const auto &pixels = rasterizer.get_picture();
+  const auto &shading_points = rasterizer.get_picture();
-  assert(!pixels.empty());
+  assert(!shading_points.empty());
-  cv::Mat color_image(pixels.size(), (pixels[0]).size(), CV_8UC3);
+  cv::Mat depth_image(shading_points.size(), (shading_points[0]).size(),
-  cv::Mat depth_image(pixels.size(), (pixels[0]).size(), CV_8UC1);
+                      CV_8UC1);
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < shading_points.size(); ++i) {
-    const auto &row = pixels[i];
+    const auto &row = shading_points[i];
     for (int j = 0; j < row.size(); ++j) {
-      auto &pixel_color = color_image.at<cv::Vec3b>(pixels.size() - i - 1, j);
-      pixel_color = cv::Vec3b{
-          static_cast<unsigned char>(row[j].x() *
-                                     std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max()),
-          static_cast<unsigned char>(row[j].y() *
-                                     std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max()),
-          static_cast<unsigned char>(
-              row[j].z() * std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max())};
       auto &pixel_depth =
-          depth_image.at<unsigned char>(pixels.size() - i - 1, j);
+          depth_image.at<unsigned char>(shading_points.size() - i - 1, j);
-      if (std::isinf(std::fabs(row[j].w()))) {
+      if (std::isinf(std::fabs(row[j].depth))) {
         pixel_depth = 0;
       } else {
         const float k =
             static_cast<float>(std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max()) * 0.5;
         const float b = k;
-        pixel_depth = static_cast<unsigned char>(k * row[j].w() + b);
+        pixel_depth = static_cast<unsigned char>(k * row[j].depth + b);
       }
     }
   }
   return depth_image;
 }
 
-bool MinusRenderer::load_mesh(const std::string &file_path) {
+void MinusRenderer::load_mesh(const std::string &file_path) {
-  objl::Loader loader{};
+  meshes_ = Mesh::load_mesh(file_path);
-  bool load_status = loader.LoadFile(file_path.c_str());
+  spdlog::info("Mesh size: {}, the primitives size of the first mesh: {}",
-  if (load_status) {
+               meshes_.size(), meshes_.front().get_primitives().size());
-    for (const auto &mesh : loader.LoadedMeshes) {
-      spdlog::info("Current mesh has {} vertices.", mesh.Vertices.size());
-      Mesh m{};
-      for (int i = 0; i < mesh.Vertices.size(); i += 3) {
-        const auto objl_v0 = mesh.Vertices[mesh.Indices[i]].Position;
-        Point3d v0(objl_v0.X, objl_v0.Y, objl_v0.Z);
-        const auto objl_v1 = mesh.Vertices[mesh.Indices[i + 1]].Position;
-        Point3d v1(objl_v1.X, objl_v1.Y, objl_v1.Z);
-        const auto objl_v2 = mesh.Vertices[mesh.Indices[i + 2]].Position;
-        Point3d v2(objl_v2.X, objl_v2.Y, objl_v2.Z);
-        m.push_back(Triangle(v0, v1, v2));
-      }
-      meshes_.push_back(m);
-    }
-  }
-  return load_status;
 }

src/minus_renderer.h

@@ -3,35 +3,33 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "triangle.h"
+#include "mesh.h"
+#include "util/math_util.h"
 #include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
 
 class MinusRenderer {
 public:
   MinusRenderer(float near, float far, float fov, float aspect_ratio);
+  void load_mesh(const std::string &file_path);
 
 public:
   cv::Mat render(const int resolution_width, const int resolution_height);
 
-public:
-  bool load_mesh(const std::string &file_path);
-
 public:
   void model_transform(const TransformMatrix &mtx);
   void view_transform(const TransformMatrix &mtx);
 
-private:
-  using Mesh = std::vector<Triangle>;
-
 private:
   static float calculate_height(const float fov, const float near);
   static float calculate_width(const float height, const float ratio);
   static TransformMatrix view_port_transform(const float width,
                                              const float height);
+  static Point3d calculate_barycentric_coordinate(const Triangle &t,
+                                                  const Point2d &p);
 
 private:
-  TransformMatrix squish_tranform();
+  TransformMatrix squish_transform();
-  TransformMatrix orthographic_tranform();
+  TransformMatrix orthographic_transform();
 
 private:
   float near_;

src/rasterizer.cc

@@ -10,74 +10,67 @@
 
 Rasterizer::Rasterizer(const int width, const int height)
     : width_(width), height_(height),
-      pixels_(std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>>(
+      shading_points_(std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>>(
-          height, std::vector<PixelProperty>(
+          height, std::vector<RasterizerResult>(width, RasterizerResult{}))) {}
-                      width, PixelProperty{
-                                 0., 0., 0.,
-                                 -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()}))) {}
 
-std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>>
+std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>>
 Rasterizer::rasterize(const std::vector<Triangle> &primitives) {
-  for (const auto &t : primitives) {
+  auto partial_rasterize = [&primitives, this](const int begin, const int end) {
-    const auto &triangle_points = t.get_points<3>();
+    for (int idx = begin; idx < end; ++idx) {
+      const auto &t = primitives[idx];
+      const auto &triangle_points = t.get_vertex_position();
 
-    const auto &aabb = t.axis_align_bbox();
+      const auto &aabb = t.axis_align_bbox();
-    const int x_min = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.x), width_);
+      const int x_min = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.x), width_);
-    const int x_max = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.x + aabb.width), width_);
+      const int x_max = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.x + aabb.width), width_);
-    const int y_min = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.y), height_);
+      const int y_min = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.y), height_);
-    const int y_max = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.y + aabb.height), height_);
+      const int y_max = std::min(std::max(0, aabb.y + aabb.height), height_);
 
-    auto partial_rasterize = [x_min, x_max, &t, this](const int start,
+      for (int i = y_min; i < y_max; ++i) {
-                                                      const int end) {
-      for (int i = start; i < end; ++i) {
         for (int j = x_min; j <= x_max; ++j) {
-          auto &property = (this->pixels_)[i][j];
+          auto &property = (this->shading_points_)[i][j];
           const auto &[is_inside, z_screen] =
               inside(Point2d{j + 0.5, i + 0.5}, t);
-          if (is_inside && z_screen > property[3]) {
+          if (is_inside && z_screen > property.depth) {
-            property[0] = 0;
+            property.depth = z_screen;
-            property[1] = 1;
+            property.triangle_index = idx;
-            property[2] = 0;
-            property[3] = z_screen;
           }
         }
       }
-    };
-    const int thread_num = 6;
-    std::vector<std::thread> rasterize_threads;
-    for (int start = y_min, offset = (y_max - y_min) / thread_num,
-             remainer = (y_max - y_min) % thread_num;
-         start < y_max;) {
-      int end = start + offset;
-      if (remainer > 0) {
-        end += 1;
-        remainer -= 1;
-      }
-      rasterize_threads.push_back(std::thread(partial_rasterize, start, end));
-      start = end;
     }
-    for (auto &t : rasterize_threads) {
+  };
-      t.join();
+
+  const int thread_num = 6;
+  std::vector<std::thread> rasterize_threads;
+  for (int begin = 0, offset = primitives.size() / thread_num,
+           remainer = (primitives.size() % thread_num);
+       begin < primitives.size();) {
+    int end = begin + offset;
+    if (remainer > 0) {
+      end += 1;
+      remainer -= 1;
     }
+    rasterize_threads.push_back(std::thread(partial_rasterize, begin, end));
+    begin = end;
   }
-  return pixels_;
+  for (auto &t : rasterize_threads) {
+    t.join();
+  }
+  return shading_points_;
 }
 
-std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>> Rasterizer::get_picture() const {
+std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>> Rasterizer::get_picture() const {
-  return pixels_;
+  return shading_points_;
 }
 
 void Rasterizer::reset() {
-  pixels_ = std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>>(
+  shading_points_ = std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>>(
-      height_,
+      height_, std::vector<RasterizerResult>(width_, RasterizerResult{}));
-      std::vector<PixelProperty>(
-          width_,
-          PixelProperty{0., 0., 0., -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()}));
 }
 
 std::pair<bool, double> Rasterizer::inside(const Point2d &p_screen,
                                            const Triangle &t) {
-  const auto points = t.get_points<3>();
+  const auto points = t.get_vertex_position();
 
   const auto plane_normal = t.normal_vector();
   const auto plane_point = points[0];

src/rasterizer.h

@@ -7,15 +7,20 @@
 #include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
 #include <vector>
 
+typedef struct RasterizerResult {
+  double depth{-std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()};
+  int64_t triangle_index{-1};
+} RasterizerResult;
+
 class Rasterizer {
 public:
   Rasterizer(const int width, const int height);
 
 public:
-  std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>>
+  std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>>
   rasterize(const std::vector<Triangle> &primitives);
 
-  std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>> get_picture() const;
+  std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>> get_picture() const;
   void reset();
 
 private:
@@ -25,5 +30,5 @@ private:
 private:
   int width_;
   int height_;
-  std::vector<std::vector<PixelProperty>> pixels_;
+  std::vector<std::vector<RasterizerResult>> shading_points_;
 };

src/triangle.cc

@@ -5,37 +5,48 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
 
-Triangle::Triangle(const Point3d &a, const Point3d &b, const Point3d &c)
+Triangle::Triangle(const Point3d &a, unsigned int idx_a, const Point3d &b,
-    : points_({a, b, c}) {}
+                   unsigned int idx_b, const Point3d &c, unsigned int idx_c)
+    : indices_({idx_a, idx_b, idx_c}), vertices_({a, b, c}) {}
 
-Triangle::Triangle(const HomoPointType &a, const HomoPointType &b,
+Triangle::Triangle(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> &vertices,
-                   const HomoPointType &c)
+                   unsigned int idx_a, unsigned int idx_b, unsigned int idx_c)
-    : points_({(a / a.z()).head(3), (b / b.z()).head(3), (c / c.z()).head(3)}) {
+    : indices_({idx_a, idx_b, idx_c}),
+      vertices_({(vertices[idx_a])->position, (vertices[idx_b])->position,
+                 (vertices[idx_c])->position}) {}
+
+std::vector<unsigned int> Triangle::get_vertex_index() const {
+  return {indices_[0], indices_[1], indices_[2]};
+}
+
+std::vector<Point3d> Triangle::get_vertex_position() const {
+  return std::vector<Point3d>{
+      vertices_[0],
+      vertices_[1],
+      vertices_[2],
+  };
+}
+
+void Triangle::set_points(const std::vector<Point3d> &points) {
+  vertices_[0] = points[0];
+  vertices_[1] = points[1];
+  vertices_[2] = points[2];
 }
 
 BBox Triangle::axis_align_bbox() const {
-  const int x_min = std::min({points_[0].x(), points_[1].x(), points_[2].x()});
+  const int x_min =
-  const int y_min = std::min({points_[0].y(), points_[1].y(), points_[2].y()});
+      std::min({vertices_[0].x(), vertices_[1].x(), vertices_[2].x()});
-  const int x_max = std::max({points_[0].x(), points_[1].x(), points_[2].x()});
+  const int y_min =
-  const int y_max = std::max({points_[0].y(), points_[1].y(), points_[2].y()});
+      std::min({vertices_[0].y(), vertices_[1].y(), vertices_[2].y()});
+  const int x_max =
+      std::max({vertices_[0].x(), vertices_[1].x(), vertices_[2].x()});
+  const int y_max =
+      std::max({vertices_[0].y(), vertices_[1].y(), vertices_[2].y()});
   return BBox{x_min, y_min, (x_max - x_min + 1), (y_max - y_min + 1)};
 }
 
 Vector3d Triangle::normal_vector() const {
-  const auto v1 = points_[1] - points_[0];
+  const auto v1 = vertices_[1] - vertices_[0];
-  const auto v2 = points_[2] - points_[1];
+  const auto v2 = vertices_[2] - vertices_[1];
   return v1.cross(v2).normalized();
 }
-
-void Triangle::affine_transform(const TransformMatrix &m) {
-  for (auto &p : points_) {
-    p = (m * Eigen::Vector4d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z(), 1.)).head<3>();
-  }
-}
-
-void Triangle::projective_transform(const TransformMatrix &m) {
-  for (auto &p : points_) {
-    auto p_homo = m * Eigen::Vector4d(p.x(), p.y(), p.z(), 1.);
-    p = (p_homo / p_homo.w()).head<3>();
-  }
-}

src/triangle.h

@@ -4,34 +4,26 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "common.h"
-#include <Eigen/Geometry>
 #include <array>
+#include <vector>
 
 class Triangle {
-private:
+public:
-  using HomoPointType = Eigen::Vector4d;
+  Triangle(const Point3d &a, unsigned int idx_a, const Point3d &b,
+           unsigned int idx_b, const Point3d &c, unsigned int idx_c);
+  Triangle(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Vertex>> &vertices,
+           unsigned int idx_a, unsigned int idx_b, unsigned int idx_c);
 
 public:
-  Triangle(const Point3d &a, const Point3d &b, const Point3d &c);
+  std::vector<unsigned int> get_vertex_index() const;
-  Triangle(const HomoPointType &a, const HomoPointType &b,
+  std::vector<Point3d> get_vertex_position() const;
-           const HomoPointType &c);
+  void set_points(const std::vector<Point3d> &points);
-
-  template <int size>
-  std::array<Eigen::Vector<double, size>, 3> get_points() const {
-    return std::array<Eigen::Vector<double, size>, 3>{
-        (points_[0]).head(size),
-        (points_[1]).head(size),
-        (points_[2]).head(size),
-    };
-  }
 
 public:
   BBox axis_align_bbox() const;
   Vector3d normal_vector() const;
 
-  void affine_transform(const TransformMatrix &m);
-  void projective_transform(const TransformMatrix &m);
-
 private:
-  std::array<Point3d, 3> points_;
+  std::array<unsigned int, 3> indices_;
+  std::array<Point3d, 3> vertices_;
 };

src/util/math_util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Bytedance Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+// Author: tianlei.richard@bytedance.com (tianlei.richard)
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include <cmath>
+#include <numeric>
+
+template <typename FloatType>
+bool fequal(const FloatType a, const FloatType b) {
+  return std::fabs(a - b) <= std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::epsilon();
+}
+
+template <int d>
+std::vector<Eigen::Vector<double, d>>
+apply_transform(const TransformMatrix &mtx,
+                const std::vector<Eigen::Vector<double, d>> &points) {
+  std::vector<Eigen::Vector<double, d>> res;
+  for (const auto &p : points) {
+    auto tmp_p = Eigen::Vector<double, 1 + d>();
+    tmp_p << p, 1.;
+    tmp_p = mtx * tmp_p;
+    if (!fequal(tmp_p.w(), 1.)) {
+      tmp_p /= tmp_p.w();
+    }
+    res.push_back(tmp_p.template head<d>());
+  }
+  return res;
+}